Examine individual changes

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men and how has this advantage increased over time? We only have a few clues and the evidence is not sufficient to draw an unambiguous conclusion. While we are aware that there are behavioral, biological as well as environmental factors that all play a role in women's longevity more than males, it isn't clear what percentage each factor plays in.<br><br>Independently of the exact weight, we know that at a minimum, the reason why women live so much longer than men, but not in the past, is to do with the fact that certain fundamental non-biological factors have changed. These variables are evolving. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Certain are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.<br><br>Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men<br>The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are over the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl in all countries can be expected to live for longer than her brothers.<br><br>Interestingly, this chart shows that while the female advantage exists in all countries, cross-country differences are large. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than men, while in Bhutan the gap is less than half an hour.<br><br>__S.17__<br>__S.19__<br>In rich countries the longevity advantage for women was not as great.<br>Let's now look at how the advantage of women in longevity has changed with time. The next chart plots male and female life expectancy when they were born in the US from 1790 to 2014. Two things stand out.<br><br>First, there is an upward trend. Men as well as women in the US live a lot, [https://glorynote.com/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85/ ماذا يحدث بين الزوجين في الحمام بالصور] much longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with [https://www.google.com/search?q=historical%20increases historical increases] in life expectancy everywhere in the world.<br><br>And second, there is an ever-widening gap: female advantage in terms of life expectancy used to be extremely small but it increased substantially during the last century.<br><br>When you click on the option "Change country in the chart, confirm that the two points apply to the other countries with available data: Sweden, France and the UK.